Neighbors as Lenders: The Shadow Credit System Banks Built by Failing Millions of Americans
Across the United States, informal lending and guarantor networks have quietly grown into a parallel financial infrastructure—one that banks never intended to create but effectively did by leaving millions of Americans without access to fair credit. These webs of mutual obligation are governed by trust, reputation, and community accountability rather than FICO scores, and new data suggests they are outperforming traditional lenders in ways the industry has yet to reckon with.